This phrase suggests retaliation or punishment in the future. An eventual confrontation with a rival, an enemy, or fate itself.

The historian Plutarch narrates in his work "Parallel Lives," that Brutus - haunted by guilt for taking part in Caesar's assassination (44 BC) withdrew to Macedonia with the republican army. One night, a gigantic shadow appeared to Brutus in his tent and said to him: “I am your evil demon, Brutus and you will see me again at Philippi.” Boldly, Brutus replied that he would not fail to keep the appointment, and the shadow disappeared. The prediction came true when the giant reappeared for the second time to Caesar’s assassin at Philippi, where Brutus and the republican army were defeated and Brutus was forced to take his own life.
In Act IV of Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar" appears the famous line:
"To tell thee thou shalt see me at Philippi"